L’un des arts traditionnels iraniens très anciens avant l’Islam en Iran est la sculpture sur pierre et sur les parois rocheuses des montagnes. Ces œuvres partagent des informations historiques de la civilisation, la culture et l’art iraniens ayant des aspects politiques, sociales, historiques et dessinent les cérémonies royales, les guerres et les traditions religieuses des anciennes civilisations perses.
Pour réaliser un bas-relief, le choix de lieu constitue le premier pas. Cela exige des critères comme la disponibilité de l’eau, être sur le chemin des caravanes et des passagers, avoir une belle perspective et parfois de la sacralité de l’endroit ; les Iraniens taillait, gravait la roche en se servant de marteaux, ciseaux, etc. La plupart des bas-reliefs rocheux ont été créés sur des pierres à chaux.
Situé à quelques kilomètres de Persépolis, Nagh-e Rostam est l’un des plus importants sites achéménides et sassanides en Iran. Ce lieu sacré de l’Iran préislamique, est surnommé « l’image de Rostam » par la tradition populaire et poétique de la littérature d’Iran. Les Iraniens qui oublient leur histoire préislamique à cause de perte de langue et de texte écrit, ils ont inventé des histoires à la base des poèmes de Ferdowsi, celui qui raconte l’histoire des rois préislamique des perses sous forme des poèmes épiques. Les Elamites y gravent des bas-reliefs, les rois achéménides en font leur nécropole et à l’époque sassanide, on y grave plusieurs reliefs royaux.
Darius premier, grand roi constructeur, et trois de ses successeurs ont choisi de faire creuser leurs tombeaux qui présentent une façade en forme de croix, creusés dans les falaises du Kuh-e Hossein. Tous les quatre tombeaux se ressemblent et ils ont trois parties différentes. La partie basse de la façade reste sans ornementation, alors que la section horizontale médiane est décorée de colonnes à chapiteaux et la partie supérieure représente la figuration du roi en face d’un autel du feu, soutenu par les nations vaincues, les députés de toutes les nations qui vivaient sous l’empire perse. Ces édifices sont un rappel impressionnant de l’Empire perse achéménide autrefois glorieux (vers 550-330 avant JC).
Les tombeaux achéménides appartiennent aux Darius Ier, Xerxès Ier, Artaxerxés I er et Darius II. En face du tombeau d’ Darius II, se dresse une tour carrée, appelée Kaabah-e Zardusht, ou Kaaba de Zoroastre. Ce cube possède une porte qui donne accès à l’unique pièce de la tour et les trois autres côtés comportent des niches de couleurs noirs qui ressemblent à des fenêtres. La fonction de ce vestige achéménide fait l’objet de plusieurs hypothèses. « On l’a considérée comme un temple du feu, une bibliothèque des livres sacrés, une tombe royale d’un roi achéménide antérieur à Darius Ier, un temple dévolu à une divinité mazdéenne ou à Anahita, une tour d’observation pour les gardes et les prêtres ou une observatoire astronomique ». Il est possible que l’édifice joue les rôles différents au fil du temps. Ce sont les hypothèses écrites dans le livre du guide culture, par Patrick Ringgenberg.
Les sassanides qui gouvernent la perse mille ans après les achéménides bénéficient de ce lieu saint et sacrée pour sculpter huit bas-reliefs sassanides. Ces reliefs représentent l’investiture, des combats équestres, commémoration des victoires des rois sassanides. Les rois sassanides voudraient évoquer la gloire des rois achéménides; C’est peut-être pour cela qu’ils ont créé d’énormes reliefs en bas des tombes.
Les artistes de l’empire achéménide s’inspirent de civilisations antérieures comme Les Lullubis, des Elamites, des Mèdes, des Egyptiens et des Assyriens qui font partie au 6ème siècle avant notre ère, du premier empire du monde, les achéménides. D’ailleurs, l’artiste perse peut créer non seulement une œuvre sublime grâce aux expériences anciennes et aux plus beaux aspects des autres peuples mais aussi cherchent à une création originale et harmonieuse. C’est pourquoi la sculpture sur la pierre est exemplaire à Naqghsh-e Rostam et Persépolis.
L’histoire de cette ancienne nécropole ne se limite pas aux périodes achéménide et sassanide. Il existe des preuves que le site remonte à la période élamite. Un ancien relief rocheux datant de la période élamite indique que Naqsh-e Rustam avait été un lieu sacré pendant les temps anciens. C’est peut-être la raison pour laquelle Darius Ier a ordonné de creuser sa tombe monumentale dans la falaise au pied du mont. Son tombeau de roche est célèbre pour ses deux inscriptions connues sous le nom d’autobiographie du roi. Les inscriptions indiquent que Darius le Grand avait été le roi qui gouvernait selon la justice.
Voyagez en Iran et profitez de la visite de tant de grandes attractions culturelles, en particulier les grandes inscrites sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO. Pasargades, Persépolis, Naqsh-e Rajab qui se trouve à quelques centaines de mètres de Naqsh-e Rustam, l’ancienne nécropole des puissants rois perses sont les meilleures attractions culturelles de l’Iran situées à Shiraz, dans la province du Fars.
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